#  Anthropology, STS, and the Politics of Imagination in Navigating Socio-Environmental Change

Alex Rivera · April 3, 2024

> Anthropology, STS, and the Politics of Imagination in Navigating Socio-Environmental Change. Anthropological and Science and Technology Studies (STS) ap...

## Reimagining the Human-Environment Relationship through Ethnographic Lenses

![group of people walking on pedestrian lane, People crossing street in Vienna.](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1517732306149-e8f829eb588a?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=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&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1080)
group of people walking on pedestrian lane, People crossing street in Vienna.

![woman in brown long-sleeved top standing beside wall, Practicing Self Care](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1502323777036-f29e3972d82f?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=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&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1080)
woman in brown long-sleeved top standing beside wall, Practicing Self Care

![a large body of water under a cloudy sky,](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1478760329108-5c3ed9d495a0?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=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&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=1080)
a large body of water under a cloudy sky,

Anthropological and Science and Technology Studies (STS) approaches offer invaluable insights for rethinking the complex and often contentious relationship between humans and their environments. By centering the lived experiences and perspectives of diverse communities, ethnographic research challenges dominant Western framings that often cast nature and culture as irreconcilable opposites.

Indigenous cosmologies, for instance, frequently conceive of humans as enmeshed within expansive webs of reciprocal relationships with nonhuman entities like animals, plants, and spirits. The Kichwa people of the Ecuadorian Amazon, for example, view the forest as a sentient, agentive being with which they must negotiate and maintain balance through ritual practices. Such worldviews fundamentally destabilize the notion of the "environment" as a passive backdrop for human activity, instead positioning it as a dynamic, relational domain of coexistence and codependence.

Likewise, ethnographic studies of traditional ecological knowledge systems reveal sophisticated understandings of environmental processes that defy simplistic nature/culture divides. The seasonal fire-stick farming techniques of Australian Aboriginal communities, for instance, demonstrate intimate, place-based expertise in landscape management that has sustained delicate ecosystems for millennia. Appreciating these nuanced, holistic approaches can inspire us to reimagine our roles not as external stewards or conquerors of the natural world, but as embedded participants in its cyclical rhythms.

Furthermore, an ethnographic lens draws attention to the inequitable power dynamics that shape human-environment relationships, particularly along lines of class, race, and geopolitics. Case studies of resource extraction, waste disposal, and climate change impacts often uncover disproportionate burdens borne by marginalized communities. Appalachian residents confronting mountaintop removal mining, for example, or Pacific Island nations facing existential threats from rising seas, testify to the entanglement of environmental degradation with histories of colonialism and structural oppression.

## Decolonizing the Imagination - Indigenous Knowledges and Alternative Cosmologies

For centuries, indigenous cultures have developed rich systems of knowledge grounded in relationship with the natural world. However, the legacies of colonialism have often obscured or erased these traditions in favor of imposing Western scientific paradigms. Decolonizing the imagination requires valuing indigenous cosmologies and epistemologies as vital alternatives for making sense of human-environment relations.

Revitalizing indigenous science re-centers holistic worldviews that understand nature as a matrix of reciprocal relationships, not inert resources for exploitation. For example, curanderismo healing practices among Mesoamerican cultures interweave material and spiritual realms through plant medicines, ceremony, and ancestral connection. Applying this web of knowledge to conservation can imbue care for ecosystems with sacred meaning.

Indigenous storytelling traditions also offer cosmological frameworks that foster empathy for the more-than-human world. Myths that portray animals as kin or ancestors instill moral obligations to honor these beings. Teachings shared orally bind generations through narratives that encode natural wisdom. The rich metaphors encoded in these stories can expand environmental awareness beyond detached data points.

Additionally, practices like tracking and wayfinding cultivate direct experiential knowledge that trains acute observational skills. Navigational techniques based on currents, stars, and bio-indicators impart deep environmental literacy accumulated over generations. Applying these place-based methods can enhance sustainability efforts.

### Related reading

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